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Tj 2.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -270.24 -11.28 TD 0.0176 Tc 0 Tw (laercio@dpi.inpe.br) Tj 75 0 TD 0.0594 Tc (, ) Tj 4.8 0 TD -0.018 Tc (namikawa@buffalo.edu) Tj 89.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -280.8 -11.28 TD ( ) Tj 2.28 4.32 TD /F0 6.0912 Tf -0.0456 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 3.12 -4.32 TD /F0 9.3624 Tf 0.0237 Tc (NCGIA) Tj 29.52 0 TD -0.0024 Tc (\227) Tj 9.36 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 2.4 0 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.0159 Tw (National Center for Geograp) Tj 107.64 0 TD -0.0012 Tc 0 Tw (h) Tj 4.56 0 TD 0.0373 Tc (i) Tj 2.64 0 TD -0.016 Tc 0.0354 Tw (c Information and Analysis) Tj 101.76 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 2.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 2.4 0 TD -0.0273 Tc 0.0267 Tw (University at ) Tj 50.76 0 TD -0.0403 Tc 0 Tw (Buffalo) Tj 28.56 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 2.4 0 TD -0.0012 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 4.68 0 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.0498 Tw ( The State ) Tj -333.24 -11.28 TD -0.0154 Tc 0.0748 Tw (University o) Tj 46.44 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0189 Tw (f New York \(SUNY\)) Tj 78.72 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 2.4 0 TD 0.0193 Tc 0.0401 Tw (105 Wilke) Tj 39.48 0 TD -0.0062 Tc -0.0544 Tw (son Quad) Tj 35.64 0 TD -0.0606 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj 4.68 0 TD -0.0403 Tc (Buffalo) Tj 28.56 0 TD 0.0594 Tc (, ) Tj 4.68 0 TD -0.0108 Tc 0.0102 Tw (New York ) Tj 41.52 0 TD 0.0489 Tc -0.1095 Tw (14261, ) Tj 28.44 0 TD -0.0016 Tc 0 Tw (USA) Tj 18.6 0 TD 0.0594 Tc (.) Tj 2.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -194.4 -11.28 TD 0.0068 Tc 0 Tw (rensch@buffalo.edu) Tj 75.84 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -249.72 -11.28 TD ( ) Tj 2.64 -14.04 TD /F1 9.3624 Tf 0.0291 Tc 0 Tw (Abstract.) Tj 37.44 0 TD /F0 9.3624 Tf 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0223 Tc 0.8017 Tw (Already ) Tj 0.7631 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 37.32 0 TD -0.0071 Tc 0.7385 Tw (xisting Digital Elevation Models \(DEMs\) contain inaccuracies that prevent them for) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -77.88 -11.28 TD 0.0087 Tc 0.8667 Tw (being reliably used to support decision) Tj 149.28 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0612 Tc (making) Tj 27.84 0 TD -0.0732 Tc 0.9126 Tw ( in emer) Tj 32.16 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (gencies) Tj 27.96 0 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.7595 Tw (. The objective) Tj 57.84 0 TD 0.8388 Tc -0.0594 Tw ( o) Tj 7.92 0 TD -0.1177 Tc 0.8971 Tw (f ) Tj 0.7573 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 8.76 0 TD 0.018 Tc (hi) Tj 7.2 0 TD -0.042 Tc 0.9414 Tw (s ) Tj 0.9588 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 11.52 0 TD 0.0283 Tc (ape) Tj 13.08 0 TD 0.0023 Tc (r) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0 Tc 0.8601 Tw ( is to present) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -349.68 -11.28 TD -0.0287 Tc 0.3281 Tw (the framework for ) Tj 71.28 0 TD -0.0262 Tc 0.2856 Tw (a set of ) Tj 30.36 0 TD 0.0029 Tc 0.3498 Tw (Dynamic Integrated GIS Enhancement and Support Tools \(DIGEST\) that aim) Tj 294.6 0 TD -0.042 Tc 0 Tw (s) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -399.84 -11.28 TD 0 Tc 0.9234 Tw (to reduce inaccuracies of existing DEMs) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 159.96 0 TD 0.0411 Tc 0.1383 Tw (for ) Tj 14.28 0 TD -0.0264 Tc 0 Tw (\223on) Tj 13.44 0 TD 0.0023 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0536 Tc (the) Tj 11.4 0 TD 0.0023 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0696 Tc (fly\224) Tj 14.4 0 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.7701 Tw ( applications) Tj 48.48 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 5.52 0 TD 0.0328 Tc 0.1466 Tw (DIGEST ) Tj 36.72 0 TD -0.0087 Tc 0 Tw (allow) Tj 20.64 0 TD -0.042 Tc (s) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0431 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0115 Tc 0.7909 Tw ( more effective) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -341.76 -11.28 TD -0.017 Tc 1.1564 Tw (use of DE) Tj 39.72 0 TD -0.0086 Tc 0 Tw (Ms,) Tj 14.4 0 TD -0.0117 Tc 1.1511 Tw ( particular) Tj 39.48 0 TD -0.102 Tc 0 Tw (ly) Tj 7.08 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.0276 Tc 1.167 Tw (for management during ) Tj 1.1231 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 97.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.0113 Tc 0.0707 Tw (natural ) Tj 29.28 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 1.0372 Tw (or manmade) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 50.76 0 TD -0.0203 Tc 0 Tw (disaster) Tj 28.68 0 TD -0.007 Tc 1.0664 Tw (. The DIGEST system) Tj 0 Tc -0.1806 Tw ( ) Tj -313.56 -11.28 TD -0.0027 Tc 0.4071 Tw (will be integrated in an existing geographic database, with tools targeted to create quality information for ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD 0.0107 Tc 0.0487 Tw (the available data, and to define appropriate scale ) Tj 188.28 0 TD 0.0027 Tc -0.0366 Tw (required for an event simulation based on the limitations ) Tj -188.28 -11.28 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.7777 Tw (of existing topographic data. The) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 130.2 0 TD -0.0763 Tc 0.8557 Tw (new system) Tj 0 Tc -0.1806 Tw ( ) Tj 47.04 0 TD -0.0127 Tc 0.7406 Tw (tools will also dynamically extract features of topographic) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -177.24 -11.28 TD -0.0143 Tc 0.3137 Tw (relevance from the ) Tj 73.44 0 TD 0.0078 Tc 0.1716 Tw (most recent) Tj 43.56 0 TD 0.0388 Tc 0.2606 Tw ( non) Tj 16.56 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0065 Tc 0.2099 Tw (photogrammetric visible, infrared and thermal imagery) Tj 206.52 0 TD 0.0652 Tc 0.1142 Tw (. The) Tj 19.68 0 TD 0.0141 Tc 0.1053 Tw ( extracted ) Tj -362.88 -11.28 TD -0.002 Tc 2.0414 Tw (features will be employed to) Tj 114.72 0 TD 0.0021 Tc 2.0613 Tw ( detect changes to topographic features in the already available DEMs) Tj 282.72 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -399.84 -11.28 TD -0.0156 Tc 1.035 Tw (Quality enhancement of the DEM) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 133.92 0 TD -0.0049 Tc 1.0109 Tw (will be achieved through the integration of the extracted topographic) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -133.92 -11.28 TD -0.0185 Tc 1.0379 Tw (features using) Tj 0 Tc -0.1806 Tw ( ) Tj 56.4 0 TD -0 Tc 0.9598 Tw (data conflation algorith) Tj 89.16 0 TD -0.1022 Tc 0 Tw (ms.) Tj 13.08 0 TD -0 Tc 0.9599 Tw ( In the current paper,) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 85.44 0 TD -0.0391 Tc -0.0215 Tw (an ) Tj 12 0 TD -0.0199 Tc 0.9673 Tw (analysis of widely available DEMs is) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -256.08 -11.28 TD 0.0116 Tc 0.0478 Tw (present ) Tj 30.36 0 TD 0.0033 Tc 0 Tw (demonstrat) Tj 41.52 0 TD -0.0684 Tc (ing) Tj 11.88 0 TD 0.0134 Tc 0.886 Tw ( the potential of DIGEST) Tj 98.64 0 TD -0.0012 Tc 0.9006 Tw ( by) Tj 12.48 0 TD -0.0478 Tc 0.9472 Tw ( focus) Tj 23.4 0 TD 0.0116 Tc 0 Tw (ing) Tj 11.88 0 TD -0.0087 Tc 0.9681 Tw ( on the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 30.6 0 TD -0.0115 Tc 0.9109 Tw (potential impact) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 64.56 0 TD 0.0233 Tc 0.7561 Tw (on decision) Tj 43.68 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0612 Tc 0 Tw (making ) Tj -372.12 -11.28 TD -0.0187 Tc 0.0781 Tw (by using) Tj 31.92 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 2.4 0 TD -0.0073 Tc 0.0427 Tw (freely available data from the ) Tj 112.44 0 TD 0 Tc 0.059 Tw (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and ) Tj 150.36 0 TD -0.0079 Tc 0.0673 Tw (other ) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0209 Tc -0.0215 Tw (DEMs available from) Tj 81.12 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -399.84 -11.28 TD 0.0023 Tc 0.0135 Tw (Geospatial Data Clearinghouse servers established by the Federal Geographic Data Committee \(FGDC\).) Tj 391.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -391.2 -14.16 TD ( ) Tj -21.24 -22.56 TD /F1 9.3624 Tf -0.0309 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 7.08 0 TD /F3 9.3624 Tf 0 Tc 0.0373 Tw ( ) Tj 9.84 0 TD /F1 9.3624 Tf 0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (Introduction) Tj 51.12 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -68.04 -14.04 TD /F0 9.3624 Tf -0.0047 Tc 0.2355 Tw (Geographic Information Systems \(GIS\) data and Remote ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.0188 Tc 1.6382 Tw (Sensing \(RS\) imagery are widely available at different) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0062 Tc -0.0544 Tw (scales ) Tj 26.04 0 TD -0.0009 Tc 1.346 Tw (from diverse sources. The data varies in format,) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -26.04 -11.28 TD -0.0081 Tc 1.3875 Tw (scale, and most) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 63.84 0 TD -0.0619 Tc 0 Tw (fundamentally,) Tj 55.92 0 TD -0.0232 Tc 1.3306 Tw ( in the method and time) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -119.76 -11.28 TD -0.0148 Tc 2.0542 Tw (that each of these was gathered. Users often combine) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.0253 Tc 6.9247 Tw (these multi) Tj 47.88 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0116 Tc 6.8478 Tw (temporal datasets for decision) Tj 132.72 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0412 Tc -0.0194 Tw (making ) Tj -186.72 -11.28 TD 0.0246 Tc 0 Tw (purposes) Tj 33.36 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 1.293 Tw ( regardless of different gathered time, me) Tj 162.12 0 TD 0.0186 Tc 0.0408 Tw (thod, ) Tj -195.48 -11.28 TD -0.001 Tc 0.3604 Tw (scale and format.) Tj 64.8 0 TD -0.0071 Tc 0.3465 Tw ( As an example of the v) Tj 90.36 0 TD -0.0344 Tc 0.1738 Tw (ariety of widely ) Tj -155.16 -11.28 TD 0.0126 Tc 4.6068 Tw (available data) Tj 56.52 0 TD -0.0085 Tc 4.7079 Tw ( digital elevation model) Tj 102.48 0 TD -0.042 Tc 0 Tw (s) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.0198 Tc 4.7196 Tw ( \(DEM) Tj 31.08 0 TD -0.042 Tc 0 Tw (s) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.0023 Tc (\)) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.042 Tc 4.6614 Tw ( in) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -200.4 -11.28 TD -0.0075 Tc 0.4269 Tw (various resolutions) Tj 71.28 0 TD -0.0137 Tc 0.3731 Tw (, scanned image) Tj 60.6 0 TD -0.042 Tc 0 Tw (s) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.0032 Tc 0.2662 Tw ( of topographic map, ) Tj -135.48 -11.28 TD -0.0039 Tc 0.7233 Tw (one meter resolution aerial orthophoto) Tj 146.52 0 TD -0.042 Tc 0 Tw (s) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.0201 Tc 0.5593 Tw (, vector line data) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -150.12 -11.28 TD -0.0082 Tc 8.0276 Tw (covering information from pol) Tj 137.88 0 TD -0.0015 Tc 7.9209 Tw (itical division to) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -137.88 -11.28 TD -0.0124 Tc 2.5918 Tw (vegetation ) Tj 2.5631 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 47.88 0 TD -0.0028 Tc 2.5222 Tw (over, vector surface water data) Tj 125.16 0 TD 0.0223 Tc 2.3171 Tw (, and land) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -173.04 -11.28 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.7011 Tw (cover in raster format) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 85.92 0 TD 0.031 Tc 0.6284 Tw (\(USGS 2003\)) Tj 52.2 0 TD 0.0295 Tc 0.5699 Tw ( are ) Tj 0.5231 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0046 Tc 0.0548 Tw (ccessible ) Tj 36.72 0 TD -0.0201 Tc -0.0405 Tw (from ) Tj -196.44 -11.28 TD -0.0051 Tc 6.1605 Tw (the U.S. Geological Survey \(USGS\) through) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 205.68 0 TD 0.0108 Tc -0.0714 Tw (its ) Tj -205.68 -11.28 TD -0.0094 Tc 0.2402 Tw (clearinghouses. Additional imagery data is also available ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.015 Tc 5.8584 Tw (from USGS Earth Resources Observation System) Tj 0 Tc -0.1806 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0149 Tc 3.0743 Tw (\(EROS\) Data Center, including images from various) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0096 Tc -0.051 Tw (satellite ) Tj 33.36 0 TD 0.031 Tc 1.8284 Tw (\(USGS 2003\)) Tj 53.52 0 TD -0.008 Tc 1.8674 Tw (. The effective use of these and) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -86.88 -11.28 TD -0.0015 Tc 2.3924 Tw (other geospatial information depends not only on the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.0129 Tc 2.3973 Tw (tools to analyze the data by applying integration and) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0096 Tc 0 Tw (transfor) Tj 29.04 0 TD -0.0154 Tc 5.1491 Tw (mation methods on them but also on the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -29.04 -11.28 TD -0.0053 Tc 1.1619 Tw (consideration of the uncertainties and limitations of the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD 0.003 Tc 0.0564 Tw (original data) Tj 47.16 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -30.84 -16.92 TD -0.0128 Tc 0 Tw (The) Tj 14.64 0 TD -0.0312 Tc 0.8106 Tw ( main) Tj 21.72 0 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.8042 Tw ( objective of the Dynamic Integrated GIS) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -54.96 -11.28 TD 0.0089 Tc 1.3705 Tw (Enhancement and Support Tools \(DIGEST\)) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 173.76 0 TD -0.0303 Tc -0.0303 Tw (framework ) Tj -173.76 -11.28 TD -0.0053 Tc 4.2304 Tw (is to reduce inaccuracies of existing GIS and) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 203.16 0 TD -0.1451 Tc 0 Tw (RS) Tj 11.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -214.56 -11.28 TD -0.0298 Tc 0 Tw (dynamically) Tj 45.72 0 TD -0.0046 Tc 3.844 Tw ( through \223on) Tj 54.72 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (the) Tj 11.4 0 TD 0.0023 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0077 Tc 3.7471 Tw (fly\224 integration of data) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 109.92 332.76 TD -0.0093 Tc 2.7087 Tw (from diverse sources,) Tj 85.68 0 TD -0.0137 Tc 2.7131 Tw ( acquisition methods and times.) Tj 128.88 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -214.56 -11.28 TD -0.003 Tc 1.2624 Tw (Additionally, DIGEST aims to assist the user in a data) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.017 Tc 1.1735 Tw (request by recommending the right data and suggesting) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0134 Tc 0.6043 Tw (the acquisition of new data if there ) Tj 0.5173 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 138.72 0 TD -0.0105 Tc 0.4539 Tw (s no data that meets ) Tj -138.72 -11.28 TD -0.0205 Tc 1.5199 Tw (the quality requirements.) Tj 96 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD 0.0019 Tc 1.3775 Tw (Given that DEM data are the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -99.72 -11.28 TD -0.0136 Tc 2.209 Tw (basis of a series of products, usually with the use of) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD 0.0048 Tc 5.6346 Tw (derived data, such as the slope and the aspect) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0079 Tc 3.7358 Tw (information, in the initial version of DIGEST only) Tj 0 Tc -0.1806 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0037 Tc 1.3031 Tw (DEMs will be treated.) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 90.12 0 TD 0.0487 Tc 1.0907 Tw (To ach) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0588 Tw (ieve ) Tj 19.08 0 TD -0.0072 Tc 0 Tw (DIGEST) Tj 33.48 0 TD -0.0105 Tc 1.1499 Tw ( goal) Tj 19.68 0 TD -0.042 Tc 0 Tw (s) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.0363 Tc 1.1031 Tw (, data) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -192.96 -11.28 TD -0.0146 Tc 0.2283 Tw (quality information and data scale suitability information ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.0202 Tc 0.4796 Tw (will be gathered by) Tj 0 Tc -0.1806 Tw ( ) Tj 75.72 0 TD -0.0132 Tc 0.4086 Tw (analysis tools on the existing DEMs) Tj 136.44 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj -212.16 -11.28 TD -0.0015 Tc 2.838 Tw (Another DIGEST tool will provide means to extract) Tj 214.56 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -214.56 -11.28 TD -0.012 Tc 3.6714 Tw (topographically relevant features from most recently) Tj 0 Tc -0.1806 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0 Tc 2.3999 Tw (acquired RS ) Tj 2.3173 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 55.8 0 TD 0 Tc (magery) Tj 27.72 0 TD -0.004 Tc 2.3914 Tw ( coupled and to register images.) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -83.52 -11.28 TD 0.0053 Tc 0.8941 Tw (The integration) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 61.68 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0588 Tw (of ) Tj 11.04 0 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.9451 Tw (topographically relevant features and) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -72.72 -11.28 TD -0.0092 Tc 0.5686 Tw (higher resolution or higher quality elevation information) Tj 214.56 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -214.56 -11.28 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0264 Tc 0.3058 Tw ( such as the ones from ground) Tj 113.64 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0188 Tc 0.0806 Tw (based Global Positioning ) Tj -119.64 -11.28 TD -0.0187 Tc 2.2381 Tw (Systems \(GPS\) device) Tj 87.84 0 TD -0.042 Tc 0 Tw (s) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 4.56 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 4.56 0 TD -0.1116 Tc 0 Tw (with) Tj 16.32 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.0105 Tc -0.1701 Tw (already ) Tj 31.92 0 TD -0.018 Tc 2.1174 Tw (existing DEMs) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -156.24 -11.28 TD -0.072 Tc 0.1314 Tw (will ) Tj 16.68 0 TD 0.0039 Tc 0.0315 Tw (be executed by an additional tool) Tj 124.32 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (.) 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Data without height) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.0012 Tc 5 Tw (information can be used to position characteristic) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0018 Tc 1.3932 Tw (features of the terrain such as peaks and pits points or) Tj 0 Tc 0.1794 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0067 Tc 1.9127 Tw (ridge and valley lines, and require some procedure to) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0244 Tc 2.3238 Tw (define an estimate of) Tj 84.72 0 TD -0.0241 Tc 2.1835 Tw ( their heights) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 57.48 0 TD -0.017 Tc 2.2364 Tw (\(Namikawa 1997\)) Tj 69.96 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj -212.16 -11.28 TD -0.0181 Tc 1.2261 Tw (Integration of data with height information in punctual,) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD 0 Tc 3.8304 Tw (linear, and rectangular grid format should be done) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0103 Tc 5.1097 Tw (considering the relati) Tj 88.92 0 TD -0.0134 Tc 4.9928 Tw (ve reliability of the different) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -88.92 -11.28 TD 0 Tc -0.0609 Tw (sources ) Tj 30.36 0 TD 0.0154 Tc 0.014 Tw (\(Kyriakidis, Shortridge, and Goodchild 1999\)) Tj 171.72 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -185.88 -16.92 TD -0.0202 Tc 0.7396 Tw (The additional information from this latest imagery) Tj 0 Tc -0.3006 Tw ( ) Tj -18.6 -11.28 TD -0 Tc 1.3931 Tw (can be used to improve topographic data quality if the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.0049 Tc 3.5243 Tw (images are correctly georeferenced. Imagery can be) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0412 Tc 0 Tw (geore) Tj 20.88 0 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.97 Tw (ferenced through automatic registration techniques) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -20.88 -11.28 TD 0.0029 Tc 5.0565 Tw (\(Fonseca and Manjunath 1996\)) Tj 132 0 TD -0.0244 Tc 5.0038 Tw ( using wavelets or) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -132 -11.28 TD -0.008 Tc 3.4274 Tw (contour matching approaches) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 122.64 0 TD 0.0253 Tc 3.2741 Tw (\(Fedorov et al. 2003\)) Tj 89.52 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj -212.16 -11.28 TD -0.0204 Tc 0.1998 Tw (From these images, linear features that will help improve ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.0121 Tc 0.0865 Tw (data quality can be extracted through either segmentation ) Tj T* 0.021 Tc 4.8784 Tw (\(Munoz et al. 2003\)) Tj 89.28 0 TD -0.019 Tc 4.8784 Tw ( or mathematical morphology) Tj 0 Tc -0.3006 Tw ( ) Tj -89.28 -11.28 TD -0.0203 Tc -0.0403 Tw (techniques ) Tj 42.24 0 TD 0.0255 Tc 0.0339 Tw (\(Candeias 1996\)) Tj 61.92 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (.) 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The data and) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.0202 Tc 3.1996 Tw (images will have its quality information attached as) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0025 Tc 3.8505 Tw (defined by the Quality Analyzer Tool \(QAT\). The) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0257 Tc 5.1593 Tw (quality information will be stored in the Quality) Tj 0 Tc -0.1806 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0041 Tc 6.5435 Tw (Information Database) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 96.72 0 TD 0.0041 Tc 6.4753 Tw (\(QualityInfoDB\). The Scale) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -96.72 -11.28 TD -0.0024 Tc 1.1418 Tw (Analyzer Tool \(SAT\) will create a knowledge database) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.0103 Tc 1.3364 Tw (built from a series of simulations on samples of stored) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 2.4847 Tw (geographic data in different scales. 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Tj 2.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -78.84 -22.56 TD /F1 9.3624 Tf -0.0309 Tc 0 Tw (5.) Tj 7.08 0 TD /F3 9.3624 Tf 0 Tc 0.0373 Tw ( ) Tj 9.84 0 TD /F1 9.3624 Tf 0.0126 Tc 6.2468 Tw (Analysis of Available Data) Tj 124.92 0 TD 0.0147 Tc 6.2847 Tw ( for) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 29.16 0 TD -0.0144 Tc 0.0738 Tw (Simulating ) Tj -154.08 -11.28 TD 0.0296 Tc 0.0298 Tw (Volcanic Mass Flows) Tj 84.24 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -96.12 -13.8 TD /F0 9.3624 Tf -0.0136 Tc 1.8387 Tw (Modeling of mass flows related volcanic activities is) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -5.04 -11.04 TD -0.0185 Tc 0.5579 Tw (helpful in directing emergency crews on the field during) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD -0.0525 Tc 0.8319 Tw (times of) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 33.96 0 TD -0.0137 Tc 0.7931 Tw (crises. One) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 45.36 0 TD -0.0273 Tc 0.6627 Tw (model that treats mass flows events) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -79.32 -11.16 TD -0.014 Tc 0.3734 Tw (considers the flows as averaged granular flows governed ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD -0.018 Tc 5.7974 Tw (by Couloumb type interactions) Tj 132.72 0 TD 0.0576 Tc 5.7618 Tw ( is) Tj 14.4 0 TD 0.028 Tc 5.7314 Tw ( the TITAN2D) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -147.12 -11.04 TD 0.0019 Tc 1.1375 Tw (simulation code) Tj 60.6 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD 0.0413 Tc 1.0981 Tw (\(Patra et al. 2003\)) Tj 71.04 0 TD 0.0326 Tc 1.1068 Tw (. TITAN2D) Tj 45.72 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD 0.0105 Tc -0.0711 Tw (requires ) Tj -184.32 -11.04 TD 0.0142 Tc 0.0452 Tw (topographic ) Tj 52.56 0 TD -0.0198 Tc 5.3592 Tw (information from DEMs.) Tj 104.16 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 7.68 0 TD -0.0047 Tc 5.3441 Tw (One of the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -164.4 -11.04 TD -0.0051 Tc 1.2645 Tw (validation sites for) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 75.84 0 TD 0.0288 Tc -0.0894 Tw (TITAN2D ) Tj 43.32 0 TD 0.0033 Tc 1.2561 Tw (is the Volcan ) Tj 1.3188 Tc 0 Tw (d) Tj 60.24 0 TD -0.007 Tc 1.1464 Tw (e Colima) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -179.4 -11.04 TD 0.003 Tc 0 Tw (site,) Tj 15.36 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0012 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.68 0 TD 0.1188 Tc -0.0594 Tw (0 ) Tj 7.92 0 TD -0.0397 Tc 0 Tw (K) Tj 6.84 0 TD 0.0361 Tc (m) Tj 7.08 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0181 Tc 0.8375 Tw (North of Colima City,) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 87.84 0 TD -0.003 Tc 0.7224 Tw (Mexico, where there) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -135.96 -11.04 TD -0.0133 Tc 2.7727 Tw (were thousands of) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 78.48 0 TD -0.0612 Tc 0 Tw (mass ) Tj 23.64 0 TD -0.003 Tc 2.7024 Tw (flows during the 1991) Tj 90.36 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0588 Tc 0 Tw (1999 ) Tj -195.6 -11.04 TD 0.0294 Tc 0 Tw (eruption) Tj 31.2 0 TD 0.0532 Tc 0.0062 Tw ( period) Tj 26.52 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 2.4 0 TD 0.0221 Tc -0.0027 Tw (\(Rupp et al. 2003\)) Tj 68.52 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -126 -11.16 TD 0.0347 Tc 2.4247 Tw (Topographic data) Tj 68.76 0 TD -0.004 Tc 2.4234 Tw ( for the validation relied on freely) Tj 0 Tc -0.1806 Tw ( ) Tj -73.8 -11.04 TD 0.0126 Tc 0.8868 Tw (available data) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 56.04 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (from) Tj 18 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0049 Tc 0.9043 Tw (the Internet.) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 49.32 0 TD -0.0141 Tc 0.9135 Tw (A thorough ) Tj 0.8831 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 51.12 0 TD -0.0231 Tc 0.8025 Tw (nalysis of) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -177.84 -11.04 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0502 Tw (these data ) Tj 39.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0609 Tw (sources ) Tj 30.48 0 TD 0.013 Tc 0.1264 Tw (is required to ) Tj 52.44 0 TD -0.0332 Tc 0.0326 Tw (allow useful ) Tj 48.12 0 TD -0.0243 Tc 0.0837 Tw (assessment, ) Tj -170.88 -11.04 TD -0.0337 Tc 3.6931 Tw (given that in) Tj 0 Tc -0.1806 Tw ( ) Tj 59.76 0 TD 0.0036 Tc 3.6258 Tw (a particular topographic situation, the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -59.76 -11.04 TD -0.0234 Tc 2.1828 Tw (simulation model result may indicate) Tj 146.76 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0085 Tc 2.0309 Tw (areas of interest) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -151.08 -11.04 TD -0.0152 Tc 2.2746 Tw (with no or low risk for a given scenario. The) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 191.16 0 TD -0.0012 Tc 0 Tw (model) Tj 23.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -214.56 -11.04 TD 0.0116 Tc 0 Tw (output) Tj 23.88 0 TD -0.0327 Tc 1.6521 Tw ( could) Tj 24.84 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0145 Tc 1.5939 Tw (change dramatically from no risk to high) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 175.2 638.4 TD -0.0184 Tc 0.8663 Tw (risk with small differences in the elevation data) Tj 182.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.005 Tc 0.9044 Tw (that are) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -185.88 -11.04 TD -0.0111 Tc 2.8305 Tw (in the input dataset. Similarly,) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 129 0 TD -0.0483 Tc 2.8677 Tw (if the) Tj 22.2 0 TD 0.0087 Tc 2.6907 Tw ( model predicts) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -151.2 -11.04 TD -0.0068 Tc 0 Tw (values) Tj 23.76 0 TD -0.0084 Tc 0.0678 Tw ( below a safe threshold) Tj 86.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 2.4 0 TD 0.0064 Tc 0.053 Tw (for a particular area, ) Tj 78.6 0 TD -0.0227 Tc -0.0379 Tw (it ) Tj 7.56 0 TD -0.094 Tc -0.0866 Tw (may ) Tj -198.72 -11.04 TD -0.0045 Tc 0.1039 Tw (exceed this threshold ) Tj 81.84 0 TD -0.0597 Tc 0 Tw (when) Tj 19.92 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 2.52 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0591 Tw (another ) Tj 30.6 0 TD -0.0263 Tc -0.1543 Tw (information ) Tj 46.44 0 TD 0.0074 Tc 0.052 Tw (source ) Tj 27 0 TD -0.0624 Tc 0.0018 Tw (is ) Tj -208.32 -11.04 TD 0.0116 Tc 0 Tw (used.) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -14.4 -11.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 1.2611 Tw (For the Volcan of Colima site, one can acquire DEM) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -5.04 -11.16 TD -0.0078 Tc 1.0672 Tw (data from at least three different sources. They vary on) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD -0.0059 Tc 0.8253 Tw (resolution, acquisition time an) Tj 115.56 0 TD 0.0085 Tc 0.6909 Tw (d DEM creation methods.) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -115.56 -11.04 TD -0.015 Tc 0.3144 Tw (From Arizona) Tj 52.8 0 TD -0.0261 Tc 0.1755 Tw ( Regional Image Archive \(ARIA\)) Tj 126 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 2.4 0 TD 0.0108 Tc 0.0486 Tw (\(Arizona ) Tj -181.2 -11.04 TD 0.0715 Tc 0 Tw (2003\)) Tj 22.08 0 TD 0.034 Tc 1.2254 Tw (, DEM) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 30.36 0 TD -0.0056 Tc 1.165 Tw (with 60 meter resolution can be obtained.) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -52.44 -11.04 TD 0.0233 Tc 3.9361 Tw (The area requ) Tj 59.64 0 TD 0.0033 Tc 3.9161 Tw (ires two different data sets, that are) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -59.64 -11.04 TD 0.0072 Tc 3.3722 Tw (projected in UTM projection using North American) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD -0.0569 Tc -0.1237 Tw (Datum ) Tj 28.08 0 TD -0.0012 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 4.68 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0.4594 Tw ( 1927 \(NAD27\) and Clarke) Tj 104.64 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0307 Tc 0.2287 Tw (1866 ellipsoid. The ) Tj -140.52 -11.04 TD -0.0037 Tc 1.7431 Tw (DEMs are masked to match Landsat World Reference) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.16 TD -0.0354 Tc 0 Tw (System) Tj 27.12 0 TD -0 Tc 0.0601 Tw ( \(WRS\)) Tj 29.04 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -53.4 -11.04 TD 0.0041 Tc 2.4253 Tw (Another DEM for the Colima area can be obtained) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -5.04 -11.04 TD -0.0501 Tc -0.1305 Tw (from ) Tj 24.24 0 TD -0.0143 Tc 3.8837 Tw (Earth Resources Observation Systems \(EROS\)) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -24.24 -11.04 TD -0.0156 Tc 0.435 Tw (Data Center) Tj 45.36 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 2.64 0 TD 0.031 Tc 0.2684 Tw (\(USGS 2003\)) Tj 51.84 0 TD 0.0032 Tc 0.2362 Tw (. These DEMs were generated ) Tj -99.84 -11.04 TD -0.0345 Tc 1.6539 Tw (from the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 37.32 0 TD 0.0127 Tc 1.6067 Tw (Shuttle Radar Topograph) Tj 98.16 0 TD -0.0016 Tc 1.621 Tw (ic Mission \(SRTM\)) Tj 76.68 0 TD 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj -212.16 -11.04 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.0745 Tw (with resolution of three arc) Tj 101.28 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0077 Tc (seconds.) Tj 32.04 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -131.28 -11.04 TD 0.0272 Tc 0.0322 Tw (The ) Tj 21.36 0 TD -0.0057 Tc 4.3251 Tw (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -26.4 -11.04 TD -0.0124 Tc 7.6318 Tw (Reflection Radiometer) Tj 92.4 0 TD 0.0052 Tc 7.6142 Tw ( \(ASTER\) sensor provides) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -92.4 -11.16 TD -0.0054 Tc 2.8848 Tw (capabilities for DEM generation from its along) Tj 192.72 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0249 Tc -0.0855 Tw (track ) Tj -195.72 -11.04 TD 0.0058 Tc 1.2686 Tw (stereo sensors. DEM for some regions can be obtained) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD -0.102 Tc 0 Tw (th) Tj 7.2 0 TD -0.0086 Tc 0.568 Tw (rough Earth Observation System \(EOS\) Data Gateway) Tj 0 Tc -0.1806 Tw ( ) Tj -7.2 -11.04 TD 0.007 Tc 0.8924 Tw (\(USGS 2003\)) Tj 52.32 0 TD 0.0136 Tc 0.7418 Tw (. DEM data is available for) Tj 0 Tc 0.1794 Tw ( ) Tj 108.48 0 TD -0.0084 Tc 0.6678 Tw (Colima site in) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -160.8 -11.04 TD -0.0161 Tc -0.0145 Tw (this data server, with ) Tj 80.16 0 TD -0.015 Tc 0.0744 Tw (30 meter resolution.) Tj 75.24 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -150.36 -11.04 TD 0 Tc 6.8987 Tw (When an) Tj 40.32 0 TD -0.0082 Tc 6.8176 Tw (alyzing DEMs from different sources,) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -45.36 -11.04 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.8492 Tw (resolutions and acquisition time, the main problem is in) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.1617 Tw (defining which of them is closer to the real elevation that ) Tj T* -0.0139 Tc 1.7933 Tw (they represent. The answer to this question is that the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.16 TD -0.0042 Tc 0.8902 Tw (DEMs are all uncertain; each of them is one re) Tj 182.28 0 TD -0.0093 Tc -0.1713 Tw (alization ) Tj -182.28 -11.04 TD -0.0057 Tc 6.4651 Tw (of the elevation phenomena, accordingly to the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD 0.0027 Tc 1.6767 Tw (acquisition procedures. Therefore, one can only define) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0039 Tc 0.0153 Tw (the differences among the available DEM.) Tj 158.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -153.36 -11.04 TD -0.015 Tc 0.0344 Tw (A valid comparison among the DEMs requires that they ) Tj -5.04 -11.04 TD 0.0055 Tc 0.5853 Tw (are georeferenced to a common projection. The sele) Tj 198.84 0 TD 0.0306 Tc 0.0288 Tw (cted ) Tj -198.84 -11.04 TD 0 Tc 0.7449 Tw (projection for Colima site was UTM using International) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD 0.0024 Tc 1.257 Tw (Terrestrial Reference Frame ) Tj 1.2023 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 114.84 0 TD 0.0188 Tc 1.2406 Tw (ITRF\) 1992 datum.) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 78.96 0 TD -0.0327 Tc -0.0279 Tw (Since ) Tj -193.8 -11.16 TD 0.0211 Tc 4.3583 Tw (the projection) Tj 56.4 0 TD 0.0011 Tc 4.4383 Tw ( for ) Tj 4.4773 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 27 0 TD -0.0092 Tc 4.3886 Tw (he ARIA DEM) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 72.72 0 TD -0.0167 Tc 4.5161 Tw (is different, a) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -156.12 -11.04 TD 0.0077 Tc 0.5317 Tw (projection conversion) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 84.84 0 TD -0.0027 Tc 0.3221 Tw (was applied. The ARIA DEM had ) Tj -84.84 -11.04 TD 0.0444 Tc 0.855 Tw (also to be) Tj 37.8 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0029 Tc 0.9023 Tw (stitched together) Tj 63 0 TD 0.0228 Tc 0.8766 Tw ( based on) Tj 0 Tc -0.1806 Tw ( ) Tj 40.68 0 TD -0.0812 Tc 0.0206 Tw (two ) Tj 17.04 0 TD 0.0046 Tc 0.0548 Tw (available ) Tj 36.96 0 TD 0.0306 Tc 0.0288 Tw (data ) Tj -198.84 -11.04 TD -0.0368 Tc 0 Tw (sets.) Tj 16.32 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -11.28 -11.04 TD -0.0128 Tc 0 Tw (The) Tj 14.64 0 TD -0.0052 Tc 4.3446 Tw ( DEM from SRTM) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 91.2 0 TD -0.0522 Tc 4.3116 Tw (is in ) Tj 4.2431 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 30.6 0 TD -0.0009 Tc 4.2603 Tw ( latitude) Tj 34.68 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0032 Tc 0.0562 Tw (longitude ) Tj -179.16 -11.04 TD 0.0045 Tc 2.6949 Tw (projection, using the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 87.12 0 TD 0.0096 Tc 2.6098 Tw (World Geodetic System \(WGS\)) Tj 0 Tc 0.1794 Tw ( ) Tj -87.12 -11.04 TD 0.0349 Tc -0.0955 Tw (1984, ) Tj 25.8 0 TD -0.0025 Tc 2.2219 Tw (therefore an) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 51.6 0 TD 0.0075 Tc 2.1519 Tw (adequate coordinate transformation) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -77.4 -11.04 TD -0.0056 Tc 0.545 Tw (was applied.) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 50.28 0 TD -0.0086 Tc 0.508 Tw (Furthermore, a resolution of 90 meters was) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -50.28 -11.16 TD 0.0065 Tc 1.8529 Tw (defined for the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 63.24 0 TD 0.0142 Tc 1.8652 Tw (DEM, to loosely correspond to 3 arc) Tj 148.2 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -211.44 -11.04 TD 0.0169 Tc (seconds) Tj 29.64 0 TD -0.0155 Tc 1.9799 Tw (, and the new values were defined by bilinear) Tj 0 Tc 0.1794 Tw ( ) Tj -29.64 -11.04 TD 0.0105 Tc 0.8546 Tw (interpolation. SRTM DEM also contained gaps in areas) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD 0 Tc 3.126 Tw (where the radar signal could not be used to define) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0067 Tc 1.3461 Tw (elevation. A mean value on at least 4 nearest neighbor) Tj 0 Tc 0.1794 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0854 Tc 0.6248 Tw (cells wa) Tj 30.72 0 TD 0.005 Tc 0.4744 Tw (s applied to fill the gaps. The comparison of the ) Tj -30.72 -11.04 TD 0.0035 Tc 2.2959 Tw (ARIA and the SRTM DEM is presented in Figure 7) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD -0.0115 Tc 0.0537 Tw (using contour lines generated from the respective DEMs.) Tj 213.6 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 63 0 obj 15078 endobj 49 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 14 0 R >> /XObject << /im5 51 0 R /im6 59 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents [ 53 0 R 56 0 R 62 0 R ] >> endobj 68 0 obj << /Length 69 0 R >> stream BT 104.4 736.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.3624 Tf 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 419.64 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 210.12 0 0 -207.48 85.8 724.2 cm /im7 Do endstream endobj 69 0 obj 137 endobj 66 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Name /im7 /Filter /FlateDecode /Width 655 /Height 647 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 65 0 R ] /Length 67 0 R >> stream HW( +dQ Inv,uuUcaYp3q%F =Xѝ"~1CaXHraU|ݼ"T?nj Wl9UObk3/9ܬ~-#KC@n{,Co7Wp̈"3&L`{l%hc/E[ÑgOZ-}o|Wd@*f?gycBݾDPD"e ݃n: ?l` 8ֲ'n 5&bmnWr-cZQh"+\#Vs[4l <StabTXs!TҔ Bk;Ԟgrx}ݷz-46 o)ã9\g3c'i1Eo8^LJ'}&u~ѨTW 9$XJc%r 6 0BbWjL񸜁cqĀs R\>k2YzvM/o|Y0} 5%fv%H+Gَ&lѸd͈z|JDQ4 [y'J;Y T8EҖS1:{ogM(c NːRn̎:`""Qd^GQnj֍UPu*ƴgjo&7s#amC{kZr) c3:}G% t!A#t[l4gDuߡ;h~pp @Wש4)N9Nv^eѾOlc-\$wzupN,5Rz @Gr(pMy[ج1%Fzj}l ָ`=w G߹f?9Y o5?C#A)λсt PK¢CAf<;aYnu,~xj\:Dw#WBw?Np-}C!G(x ,FBo5T_1@Uuϥ_p/ \H,;c-mаFgz/y2Mǣu͐f!VB^GB#w8} 9dHoG[Iw#1ژ#wC$G6~|qvɕt<Z Gx0D/Y 112搠Raȋ"< oLѿ^sK45hx'dKPWQI=f|x@zu"`!E`ʘ!n<>8ك}Lq8>l.võZ&6K8^bR :@AQQY}ME87Ox4+ "c*z qض@8HXQτ߰Ak܉ޭf5ُUaC܋0k[t]pc"1"f(rZ[kM$XcﶢB$GbgP D#ےݟɐޙ};X7zߺʹabĉp4Baπ'm\yy|^˫ve{\zS, Ѷ[<2̪?=RϘa#c98g':A6~`,w a3[9\A&z! 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Tj 2.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 2.28 0 TD /F0 9.3624 Tf -0.0093 Tc 0.0344 Tw (Contour Lines Comparison of ARIA \(in black\) ) Tj -0.48 -11.28 TD 0.0145 Tc -0.0351 Tw (and SRTM \(in ) Tj 56.64 0 TD -0.0192 Tc 0 Tw (gray) Tj 16.44 0 TD 0.0314 Tc 0.028 Tw (\) DEMs) Tj 30 0 TD /F1 9.3624 Tf 0.0594 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.4 0 TD /F0 9.3624 Tf 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -138.36 -16.68 TD -0.0227 Tc 1.0421 Tw (The comparison shows ) Tj 0.9973 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 93.84 0 TD -0.0109 Tc 0.8383 Tw (hat the DEM are very similar.) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -98.88 -11.16 TD -0.0048 Tc 1.1142 Tw (The regions where the differences are higher should be) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD 0.0039 Tc 1.8355 Tw (better assessed through considerations about the DEM) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0066 Tc 0.066 Tw (acquisition procedures and time.) Tj 121.8 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -116.76 -11.04 TD 0.0072 Tc 2.658 Tw (The ASTER DEM projection is UTM using WGS) Tj 206.4 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -211.44 -11.04 TD 0.0288 Tc (1984) Tj 18.96 0 TD -0.014 Tc 1.6468 Tw ( datum and each data set is masked to ) Tj 1.5961 Tc 0 Tw (m) Tj 164.64 0 TD -0.0055 Tc 1.6249 Tw (atch the) Tj 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -183.6 -11.04 TD 0.0063 Tc 0.1731 Tw (WRS, requiring re) Tj 69.36 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0182 Tc 0.0412 Tw (projection and ) Tj 56.76 0 TD -0.0104 Tc 0 Tw (stitching) Tj 32.04 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 2.52 0 TD -0.1212 Tc 0 Tw (two) Tj 13.8 0 TD 0.0198 Tc 0.0796 Tw ( data sets. ) Tj -177.48 -11.04 TD 0.0034 Tc 1.511 Tw (ASTER DEMs contain gaps due to lack of correlation) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD 0.0069 Tc 1.0925 Tw (between a pair of stereo images. The probable cause is) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.16 TD -0.0047 Tc 0.7574 Tw (cloud coverage on those areas. Since the gaps are much) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD -0.0067 Tc 0.1861 Tw (larger that th) Tj 48 0 TD 0.0065 Tc 0.0662 Tw (e ones on the SRTM data, no procedure was ) Tj -48 -11.04 TD 0.0025 Tc 1.0569 Tw (applied to fill the gaps. The comparison of the ASTER) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.04 TD 0.0022 Tc 2.5906 Tw (and the SRTM DEM is presented in Figure 8 using) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0042 Tc 0.0236 Tw (contour lines generated from the respective DEMs.) Tj 191.16 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 209.88 0 0 -222.36 85.8 333.72 cm /im8 Do endstream endobj 72 0 obj 2622 endobj 74 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Name /im8 /Filter /FlateDecode /Width 656 /Height 693 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 73 0 R ] /Length 75 0 R >> stream HW*A[߼@6离dYp~=E,vN+Sz_ 匷);X1uI2_-Zn1ӛ~\K5rPء ND8xq>s?E? 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Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 78 0 obj 10875 endobj 64 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 14 0 R >> /XObject << /im7 66 0 R /im8 74 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents [ 68 0 R 71 0 R 77 0 R ] >> endobj 81 0 obj << /Length 82 0 R >> stream BT 104.4 736.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.3624 Tf 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj 0 0 TD ( ) Tj -13.56 -21.12 TD -0.0061 Tc 1.1455 Tw (The initial analysis of the publicly available DEMs) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj 202.32 0 TD -0.042 Tc -0.0186 Tw (in ) Tj -207.36 -11.04 TD -0.0063 Tc 0.6057 Tw (our example, demonstrated) Tj 102.72 0 TD -0.0119 Tc 0.5513 Tw ( that they are reliable starting) Tj 0 Tc -0.0606 Tw ( ) Tj -102.72 -11.04 TD -0.0031 Tc 2.8825 Tw (points to create a high quality DEM for simulation.) 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Arizona. 2003. ) Tj 90.12 0 TD /F4 9.3624 Tf 0.0203 Tc -0.0009 Tw (Arizona Regional Image Archive) Tj 123.72 0 TD /F0 9.3624 Tf 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -200.64 -11.28 TD 0.0225 Tc -0.0431 Tw (2003 [cited 09/15/2003 2003]. Available from ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD 0 0 1 rg 0 Tc 0 Tw (http://landsat.ece.arizona.edu/) Tj ET 99 577.44 112.2 0.36 re f BT 211.2 578.88 TD 0 0 0 rg 0.0594 Tc (.) Tj 2.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -127.8 -11.28 TD 0.0108 Tc -0.0029 Tw (J. Brasington, and K. Richards. 1998. Interactions ) Tj 13.2 -11.28 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.038 Tw (between model predictions, parameters and DTM ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.0037 Tc 0.0231 Tw (scales for topmodel. ) Tj 78.12 0 TD /F4 9.3624 Tf 0.0144 Tc 0 Tw (Compu) Tj 27.24 0 TD -0.0201 Tc 0.0795 Tw (ters & Geosciences) Tj 72.48 0 TD /F0 9.3624 Tf 0.0588 Tc 0 Tw ( 24 ) Tj -177.84 -11.28 TD 0.0224 Tc 0 Tw (\(4\):299) Tj 27.84 0 TD 0.0023 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.074 Tc (314.) Tj 16.68 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -60.72 -11.28 TD 0.0011 Tc -0.0017 Tw (A. L. B. Candeias. 1996. Drainage Network Extraction ) Tj 13.2 -11.28 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.0198 Tw (from a SAREX\22292 RADAR image. Paper read at ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.0448 Tw (Simposio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, at ) Tj T* 0.0071 Tc 0.0523 Tw (Salvador, Brazil.) Tj 63.48 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -76.68 -11.28 TD 0.0024 Tc 0.0352 Tw (D. Fedorov, L. M. G. Fonseca, C. Kenney, and B. S. ) Tj 13.2 -11.28 TD -0.0008 Tc 0 Tw (Manjunat) Tj 35.88 0 TD -0.006 Tc 0.0174 Tw (h. 2003. Automatic Registration and ) Tj -35.88 -11.28 TD -0.0207 Tc 0.0201 Tw (Mosaicking System for Remotely Sensed Imagery. ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD 0.0158 Tc -0.025 Tw (Paper read at Simposio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento ) Tj T* 0.008 Tc 0.0214 Tw (Remoto, at Belo Horizonte, Brazil.) Tj 131.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -144.48 -11.28 TD 0.0158 Tc -0.0231 Tw (L. M. G. Fonseca, and B. S. Manjunath. 1996. ) Tj 13.2 -11.28 TD -0.0174 Tc 0.0768 Tw (Registration techniques for multisensor) Tj 147.12 0 TD -0.0204 Tc -0.1002 Tw ( remotely ) Tj -147.12 -11.28 TD -0.0187 Tc 0.0181 Tw (sensed imagery. ) Tj 62.4 0 TD /F4 9.3624 Tf 0.024 Tc 0.0354 Tw (Photogrammetric Engineering and ) Tj -62.4 -11.28 TD 0.012 Tc 0.0474 Tw (Remote Sensing) Tj 59.88 0 TD /F0 9.3624 Tf 0.0633 Tc -0.0639 Tw ( 62 \(9\):1049) Tj 46.8 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0349 Tc (1056.) Tj 21.36 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0594 Tw ( ) Tj -144.24 -11.28 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0372 Tw (R. J. Hardy, P. D. Bates, and M. G. Anderson. 1999. 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